Prospective, in-activity and retrospective emotions in physical education: development and validation of three state achievement emotions questionnaires

Abstract

According to Pekrun et al. (2023), the construct of achievement emotions has been operationalized through three dimensions: (1) valence (i.e., pleasant/unpleasant emotions), (2) arousal (i.e., activating/deactivating emotions), and (3) temporal relation (i.e., prospective, in-activity and retrospective emotions). Based on these three dimensions, Pekrun et al. (2023) has proposed the taxonomy of achievement emotions as a 2x2x3 dimensional structure. To date, a robust questionnaire is still lacking to measure state achievement emotions in reference to the 2x2x3 Pekrun’s et al. (2023) model. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop three valid and reliable questionnaires measuring students’ prospective, in-activity and retrospective state achievement emotions in physical education. Four stages were followed: (1) based on a literature review on achievement emotions and a committee process validation, preliminary versions of the three questionnaires were built; (2) the factor structures and internal reliabilities were established in a rst study with 1159 secondary school students; (3) the factor structures were con rmed by comparing con rmatory factor analyses and exploratory structural equation modeling in a second study with 1019 secondary school students; (4) internal and concurrent validities were assessed with 656 students. The stages followed for the development of the three questionnaires demonstrated strong support for their psychometric properties and factor structures